Carbohydrates seem to be a source of confusion for athletes and fitness exercisers alike. As a result of the Paleo Diet, Grain Brain, Wheat Belly, and other trendy diet books, many active people don't know what to eat. They just think they should avoid pasta, bagels, juice, bananas and sugar; even if these foods are non-problematic for them. Yet, most of the "carbs are evil, fattening, and bad for you" hype is targeted not at athletes but to the masses of overweight, out of shape kids and adults whose bodies do not handle carbohydrates as healthfully. 
Aren't all carbs the same?
Some sports parents and youth athletes are confused about carbs because they do not even know what carbohydrates are. One marathon runner claimed he "stayed away from carbs." Yet, I discovered he routinely ate oatmeal for breakfast, whole wheat wraps for lunch, and sweet potato with dinner. What he failed to realize was that oatmeal, wraps, and potatoes are carbohydrates. What he was actually limiting was his intake of refined sugars;
Well, aren't they all loaded with carbs? Yes, but there is a big difference!
Here's a short lesson in Carb Biochemistry 101 for sports parents and athletes:
- Carbohydrates include both sugars and starches. Carbs are in fruits, vegetables, grains, and milk (lactose). These carbs all digest into the simple sugar, glucose. Glucose travels in the blood and, with the help of insulin, is taken up for fuel by the muscles. Athletes who restrict carbs pay the price, such as "dead legs" and inability to perform at their best.
- All carbs - both sugars and starches - are equal sources of muscle fuel. Regardless of whether you eat a starchy potato or sugary candy, the end product is the simple sugar glucose. Some of that glucose feeds an athlete's brain; some of it fuels their muscles; and some gets stored in muscles as glycogen, ready to be used for fuel during hard and extended exercise.
- Sugars and starches are biochemically similar. For example, an unripe banana (or any fruit) is starchy. As it ripens, it becomes sweeter; the starch converts into sugar. By comparison, peas (and other vegetables) are sweet when young and their sugar converts into starch as they mature.
Are carbs really so bad?
Regarding health, some carbs are better for you than others because they offer more nutrients (are more "nutrient dense"). For example, the sugar in sport drinks provides "empty calories" with no nutritional value (unless they are fortified to give a healthier appearance). The sugar in orange juice is accompanied by vitamin C, folate, potassium, and many other vitamins, minerals, and plant compounds that contribute to good health.
While juice offers slightly less nutritional value than you'd get by eating the whole fruit, most anti-juice hype is targeted at obese people. Liquid calories from juice, soda and sports drinks do not contribute to satiety (fullness). Hence, drinking sugary beverages with meals adds extra calories that can contribute to undesired weight gain. Yet, for active people who want to gain weight, juice can help a skinny athlete easily boost calorie intake while simultaneously adding carbs for fuel that enhances muscle-building workouts.
Even though refined sugar adds "junk calories" to a sports diet, a youth athlete does not need to eat a diet that is sugar-free for it to be healthy. A fit and healthy person's menu can accommodate 10% of calories from refined sugar (World Health Organization's guidelines). Yet, if your young athlete frequently consumes sports drinks, gels, and sports candies - as well as other sweets - they can easily consume more than 250 to 350 calories (10% of calories) from refined sugar. My advice: don't displace too many fruits, veggies and whole grains with empty calories from sugar.
HFCS: as evil as the media says?
High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), also deemed evil and fattening, is less evil and less fattening than portrayed by the media. (1) In fact, ninety percent of 567 media reports on HFCS since 2004 replaced science with opinion and contained erroneous information, (2) HFCS is a double molecule comprised of 45% glucose, 55% fructose, the same as honey and similar to white sugar (50% glucose, 50% fructose). The negative hype about HFCS applies primarily to overweight folks who consume excessive calories via sweets, soda, candies and processed foods sweetened with HFCS. While no one needs excessive, lackluster calories that could be better spent on nutrient-rich fruits, veggie and whole grains, does an athlete really need to fret about a few calories of HFCS in ketchup?
Aren't carbs fattening?
Contrary to conventional wisdom, carbohydrates are not inherently fattening. Excess calories are fattening. Excess carb calories (e.g. bread, bagels, pasta) are actually less fattening than are excess fat calories (e.g. butter, salad oil, cheese). That's because storing excess calories of sugar as body fat requires more energy than does storing excess calories of dietary fat as body fat. This means, if you are destined to be gluttonous and want to suffer the least weight gain, indulge in frozen yogurt (high carbs) instead of high fat ice cream!
What about sugar highs and lows?
Sugar "highs" and "lows" can easily occur in overfat, underfit people. Athletes, however, can metabolize sugar without a problem. That's because exercise enhances the transport of sugar from an athlete's blood into their muscles with far less insulin than needed by the body of an unfit person. The unfit body contributes to the rise in blood sugar that triggers the need for excess insulin and leads to the "crash."
The most common reason for "sugar crashes" (hypoglycemia) among athletes is when they run out of fuel. The shakiness and sweats are because the athlete did not eat enough carbs to maintain normal blood glucose levels and the brain is now demanding sugar. One marathoner thought the 100-calorie gel he took at mile 16 caused him to "crash." More likely, he needed 200 to 300 calories to meet his energy needs, not just 100 calories.
Too much of a good thing?
If your young athlete experiences intestinal distress from eating food containing wheat, gels, onions, milk or any of a multitude of fruits, veggies and grains, your best bet is to figure out how much (if any) they can tolerate. The dose might be the poison. If your child needs to eliminate wheat due to celiac disease or gluten intolerance, they might have trouble getting enough carbs to fuel their muscles. That is, they'd need to eat 3 cups of blueberries to replace one bagel. Not only is that expensive, but also puts them at high risk for undesired pit stops. Consulting with a registered dietitian (RD) can be a smart idea! The referral network at SCANdpg.org can help you find a local sports RD who can address your food concerns and take the confusion out of carbohydrates.
Boston-area sports nutritionist Nancy Clark, MS, RD counsels both casual and competitive athletes at her office in Newton, MA (617-795-1875). Her best selling Sports Nutrition Guidebook is available at www.nancyclarkrd.com, along with her food guides for cyclists, runners, and soccer players. For online education, see www.sportsnutritionworkshop.com.
Selected References
1. Lowndes, J, S Sinnett, S Pardo, V Nguyen, K Melanson, Z Yu, B Lowther, J Rippe. The effect of normally consumed amounts of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on lipid profiles, body composition and related parameters in overweight/obese subjects. Nutrients 2014. 17; 6(3):1128-44
2. Trevor Butterworth. "Sweet And Sour: The Media Decided Fructose Was Bad For America; But Science Had Second Thoughts" Forbes.com (http://www.forbes.com/sites/trevorbutterworth/2014/02/06/sweet-and-sour-...)
